What is a mood disorder?
A mood disorder is a condition that causes severe, long-lasting disturbances in a person's mood. There are several major types of mood disorders:
- Major depressive disorder: Characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities. Other symptoms can include fatigue, changes in appetite, problems sleeping, and suicidal thoughts.
- Bipolar disorder: Characterized by cycles of high energy and elation (mania) and depression. Manic episodes may include increased activity levels, less need for sleep, rapid speech, impulsiveness, and in severe cases, psychosis.
- Cyclothymic disorder: Characterized by chronic, less severe mood swings between depression and hypomania (a milder form of mania).
- Seasonal affective disorder (SAD): A type of depression correlated with changes in seasons, typically starting in fall or winter when there is less sunlight. Other symptoms can include fatigue, changes in appetite and sleep, and social withdrawal.
What causes mood disorders?
The exact causes are unclear but likely involve a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. Imbalances in brain chemicals like serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine may play a role. Traumatic life events, medical conditions, family history can also contribute to developing a mood disorder.
How are mood disorders diagnosed?
Diagnosis is based on criteria in the DSM-5 diagnostic manual. A doctor will ask about symptoms, thoughts/feelings, medical history, sleep, appetite, and drug use. They may request lab tests to help rule out other conditions. Mood disorder questionnaires and tracking mood symptoms over time can aid diagnosis.
How are mood disorders treated?
Treatment is tailored to the individual but usually involves psychotherapy combined with medications and/or lifestyle changes:
- Medications: Antidepressants, mood stabilizers, and antipsychotics can help regulate mood.
- Psychotherapy: Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) helps identify negative thought patterns. Interpersonal therapy helps manage relationships.
- Brain stimulation therapy: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) or other similar therapies may be options for severe depression.
- Light therapy: Can help treat seasonal affective disorder.
- Exercise and routine: Regular exercise and a consistent daily routine can help manage mood disorder symptoms. Reducing stress is also beneficial.
- Support groups: Can help people connect with others facing similar challenges.
With appropriate comprehensive treatment, many people with mood disorders can manage their symptoms and live fulfilling lives. However, self-care remains crucial in recovery.